Evaluating Sketchiness as a Visual Variable for the Depiction of Qualitative Uncertainty

Description:

We report on results of a series of user studies on the perception of four visual variables that are commonly used in the literature to depict uncertainty. To the best of our knowledge, we provide the first formal evaluation of the use of these variables to facilitate an easier reading of uncertainty in visualizations that rely on line graphical primitives. In addition to blur, dashing and grayscale, we investigate the use of ‘sketchiness’ as a visual variable because it conveys visual impreciseness that may be associated with data quality. Inspired by work in non-photorealistic rendering and by the features of hand-drawn lines, we generate line trajectories that resemble hand-drawn strokes of various levels of proficiency—ranging from child to adult strokes—where the amount of perturbations in the line corresponds to the level of uncertainty in the data. Our results show that sketchiness is a viable alternative for the visualization of uncertainty in lines and is as intuitive as blur; although people subjectively prefer dashing style over blur, grayscale and sketchiness. We discuss advantages and limitations of each technique and conclude with design considerations on how to deploy these visual variables to effectively depict various levels of uncertainty for line marks.

Paper download: (1.2 MB)

Additional material:

All material related to the studies can be downloaded from here.

Cross-Reference:

This technique relates to another study on sketchy visualizations that we also published at InfoVis 2012, please see the page on this work as well.

Main Reference:

Nadia Boukhelifa, Anastasia Bezerianos, Tobias Isenberg, and Jean-Daniel Fekete (2012) Evaluating Sketchiness as a Visual Variable for the Depiction of Qualitative Uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(12):2769–2778, December 2012.

BibTeX entry:



@ARTICLE{Boukhelifa:2012:ESV,
  author      = {Nadia Boukhelifa and Anastasia Bezerianos and Tobias Isenberg and Jean-Daniel Fekete},
  title       = {Evaluating Sketchiness as a Visual Variable for the Depiction of Qualitative Uncertainty},
  journal     = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
  year        = {2012},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {12},
  month       = dec,
  pages       = {2769--2778},
  doi         = {10.1109/TVCG.2012.220},
  doi_url     = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2012.220},
  oa_hal_url  = {https://hal.science/hal-00717441},
  url         = {https://tobias.isenberg.cc/p/Boukhelifa2012ESV},
  pdf         = {https://tobias.isenberg.cc/personal/papers/Boukhelifa_2012_ESV.pdf},
}

Other Reference:

Nadia Boukhelifa, Anastasia Bezerianos, Tobias Isenberg, and Jean-Daniel Fekete (2012) Evaluating Sketchy Lines for the Qualitative Visualization of Uncertainty. Technical report RR-7910, Inria, March 2012. Also see the article in TVCG vol. 18 (InfoVis 2012).

BibTeX entry:



@TECHREPORT{Boukhelifa:2012:ESL,
  author      = {Nadia Boukhelifa and Anastasia Bezerianos and Tobias Isenberg and Jean-Daniel Fekete},
  title       = {Evaluating Sketchy Lines for the Qualitative Visualization of Uncertainty},
  year        = {2012},
  institution = {Inria},
  number      = {RR-7910},
  month       = mar,
  address     = {France},
  oa_hal_url  = {https://hal.science/hal-00682965},
  url         = {https://tobias.isenberg.cc/p/Boukhelifa2012ESV},
  pdf         = {https://tobias.isenberg.cc/personal/papers/Boukhelifa_2012_ESL.pdf},
}

This work was done at the AVIZ project group of INRIA, France, and in collaboration with the Scientific Visualization and Computer Graphics Lab of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, and the LIMSI lab at CNRS, France.