Some common (and less common) errors
Phong illumination, diffuse incorrect:
(think about the computed intensity values)
Phong illumination, intensity too high:
(think about the deriving correct material values and normalized vectors)
Normal encoding problems:
(think about the value ranges)
z-buffer encoding:
(think about the value ranges)
Shadow Rays:
(think about numerical issues)
Intersection:
Missing pixel:
(check out this note)